Dengue virus exposure among blood donors in Ghana

Abstract

Dengue is an urban arbovirus whose aetiologic agent is the flavivirus with four distinct antigenserotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4) that is transmitted to humans through thebite of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Ghana is endemic for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and probablydengue viruses. Due to limited data on dengue virus exposure among Ghanaians, we surveyed 188healthy adult blood donors for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies to the four serotypes ofdengue. Five milliliters of peripheral blood from the blood donors were collected in plain tubes.Serum was then obtained and ELISA tests were employed to detect both dengue virus total antibodies and IgM. The samples were further tested for dengue virus RNA using RT-PCR. Denguevirus IgG was positive for 43.6% of all the 188 blood donor samples tested but all donors were negative for anti-dengue IgM antibody and dengue virus RNA. The rate of dengue virus total antibodyexposure did not differ statistically between urban and rural districts. This study shows for the firsttime that some regions of Ghana are hyperendemic for dengue virus infection but suggests bloodfor transfusion is invariably dengue virus free. This report has provided a baseline data that willinform wider discussions about the impact of this dengue fever and also guide policy makers todevelop effective and affordable early warning and outbreak response systems for Ghana.Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2016) 5(2), 30-35